What I have learned from edublogging

Before anything else let me start this with a story on how I started or what push me to do this edublog. At first I don’t have any idea about blogging 'till our instructor introduce this by making an introduction about endocrinology and post it through blog. I love reading information but telling me to write and share knowledge through blog were kinda oblique with that however since it’s our requirement we have to do so. Afterwards, I immediately do our assigned work to meet the deadline, I thought it was easy then but its not. I have to search and read from lot of books before I came up to one point; sum-up all the information gathered and started to write. Indeed, its really hard to write especially if you don’t have any idea about the topic given to you but  on the other hand the good thing is you not only help yourself to learn but  you were able to share information and help them with their unresolved questions. Despite of all the hardwork, spending 'till midnight, perseverance and patience took me to finish my assignment successfully. For me being a part of edublog is a big fulfillment knowing a lot of people might read it and being appreciated is all worth it

There always two pathway, the easy one which is smooth while the other is rough road, you know what it's not ill-fated to take the rough one because life is more exciting if there's every new event that comes in your life even if it's unlovely, its up to you on how you will deal with it. Everyday life is a learning where people grow more and become firm for every trial they had been through. That's the true essence of success

Don’t be afraid or refuse to give some of your time and be one of the million people sharing educational information. Goodluck to everyone..~_~

Toxicology

"All things are poison and nothing is without poison; only the dose makes a thing not a poison."

 "The dose makes the poison"

.....Paracelsus.....

All chemicals could be toxic that could be easily acquired because they are widely available but the degree of side effect that a chemical can affect humans or any other living being depends on the dose or the degree of exposure.

 

Every time we heard toxic, normally comes in our mind something that was harmful and poisonous to anyone’s health that may cause disease, tissue damage, genetic alterations, cancer, and in severe point can lead to death. To further understand, let we first define toxicology which covered the broad insights about toxic substances, agents and its effect.

                Toxicology traditionally defined as the branch of science of poisons.  As our understanding of how various agents can cause harm to humans and other organisms, a more descriptive definition of toxicology is the study of the adverse effects of chemicals or physical agents on living organisms. It is the study of symptoms, mechanisms, treatments and detection of poisoning, especially the poisoning of people.



Toxicology terms:

§  Toxicity         

Ø  The degree to which a substance can harm human or animal.

Ø  It may be:

o   Acute- Single/short term exposure.

o   Sub-chronic- > one year but < the lifetime of the exposed organism.

o   Chronic- Mixture substances cause harmful effect over an extended period, upon repeated/continuous exposure.

§  Toxicant

Ø  Man made substance that cause adverse biological effect

§  Toxin

Ø  poison produced naturally by an organism (plants, animals, insects)

3 phases of toxicology

 1. Exposure-  toxins can enter the body via several routes;

§  Ingestion (Gastro intestinal tract)

§  Inhalation (lungs)

§  Transdermal absorption (skin)

§  Rectal (Suppository)

§  Injection (bite, puncture, or cut)

 2. Toxicokinetics- concerned with the    concentration of the chemical once it enter the body and what happens to it in the body

3. Toxicodynamics-denote the injurious effects of these substances on body functions

                             Includes: 

§  toxic effect

§  mechanism of toxic effects

§  dose effect relationship

§  interactions of toxins



Sub-specialties of Toxicology

·         Mechanistic toxicology	Elucidates the cellular and biochemical effects of toxins. It provide a basis for rational therapy design and the development of test to assess the degree of exposure of poisoned individuals
·         Descriptive toxicology	Deals with collecting toxicological information from animal experimentation to predict what level exposure will cause harm in humans
·         Forensic toxicology	Primarily concerned with the medicolegal aspects of toxin exposure to generate evidence in legal situations, including the cause of death
·         Clinical toxicology	Deals with the diagnosis of diseases and illnesses associated with exposure to toxic chemicals; and also therapeutic intervention
·         Occupational (Industrial) Toxicology	concerned with health effects from exposure to chemicals in the work environment
·         Regulatory toxicology	Perform risk assessment by gathering and evaluation of existing informational data from descriptive and mechanistic toxicology

...years, decades slip by....the more progress our country is, but the more we diminished to live in a longer life.....

 References:

·         http://www.tuberose.com/Environmental_Toxicity.html

·         http://www.layoutsparks.com/pictures/toxic-0

·         http://zoology.muohio.edu/oris/zoo462/notes/02_462.html

·         http://sis.nlm.nih.gov/enviro/toxtutor/Tox1/a32.htm

·         http://www.authorstream.com/Presentation/aSGuest55835-444991-1-2-concepts-in-toxicology/

Endocrinology

 

Introduction to Endocrinology

Endocrinology is a science deal with the functions and structure of endocrine glands and the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the endocrine system.

The endocrine system is compose of glands and endocrine tissue inside other organs like the pancreas which diffuse hormones (chemical messenger) all over the body to regulate body's growth, metabolism, sexual development, maturation, reproduction and proper balance of chemicals & other substances in the body and this normal state is known as Homeostasis. Since they are ductless, Hormones distributed through the circulation, which elicits specific effects by binding to a receptor on or inside target cells, which trigger a physiological process such as cell division. Each target cell has a specific receptor that could only receive the hormones and do what is being ordered for normal functioning of the other body organ

The production of many hormones is control by hypothalamus and pituitary gland. The hypothalamus is the control center of the endocrine system, and also involved in the control of our body temperature, emotion, and sexual activity. Hypothalamus regulates pituitary gland by stimulating or inhibiting the production of hormone. Pituitary gland is the main hormone producing gland and known as master gland. Together, they control many other endocrine functions. In addition to hypothalamus and pituitary gland, other endocrine gland were stated below

http://www.mhhe.com/biosci/esp/2001_saladin/folder_structure/in/m5/s1/index.htm

Endocrine glands’ function with their corresponding hormones

Endocrine Gland	Hormone secreted & their Function
Hypothalamu	growth hormone-releasing hormone  thyrotropin-releasing hormone(TRH)  corticoptropin-releasing hormone (CRH) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
Pituitary Gland	Anterior pituitary: Prolactin(PRL)-stimulates milk production Growth Hormone(GH)-stimulates growth Adrenocorticotropin(ACTH)-stimulates the production of cortisol by adrenal cortex  Thyroid-stimulating Hormone(TSH)-stimulates the production of hormone by thyroid gland  Gonadotopin- (Luteinizing hormone &Follicle-stimulating hormone),stimulate the gonads Posterior Pituitary: Oxytocin-stimulates uterine contraction Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)-water balance
Pineal Gland	Melatonin-circadian rhythm
Parathyroid	Parathyroid hormone-elevate blood calcium
Thyroid	Thyroxin(T4) & Triiodothyronine(T3)-metabolism Calcitonin- lowers blood Calcium
Thymus	Thymosins- stimulates the development of T cells & other immune cells
Adrenal Gland	Adrenal cortex: Glucocorticoids-anti-inflammatory Adrenal medulla: Epinephrine- stimulate the fight- or- flight response of the sympathetic nervous system
Pancreas	Insulin-lowers blood sugar Glucagon-elevate blood sugar
Testes	Testosterone-contribute to the development and function of the male reproductive organs and sex characteristics.
Ovaries	Estrogen and Progesterone- responsible for developing and maintaining female sexual traits

References:

•    Tortora, G. J., & Derrickson, B.H.,”Principles of Anatomy and Physiology” 12 Ed: 642-683
•    http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio105/endocrin.htm